Analytical model of fully developed wind farms in conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layers

The wind energy industry relies on computationally efficient engineering-type models to design farms. Typically these do not account for the effect of atmospheric stratification in either boundary layer or free atmosphere. This study proposes a new analytical model fully developed wind-turbine arrays conventionally neutral layers frequently encountered nature. captures free-atmosphere stratification, Coriolis force, farm layout and turbine operating condition performance. is based physical insight derived from large-eddy simulations. We demonstrate that geostrophic drag law (GDL) flow over flat terrain can be extended arrays. presence vast significantly increases friction velocity compared with terrain, which modelled by updated coefficients GDL. reliably vertical speed profile inside farm. Furthermore, power production trends observed simulations are reproduced. performance, normalized speed, decreases as thermal stability force decreases. In addition, we find optimal performance obtained at lower thrust coefficient than Betz limit, indicates conditions turbines different single turbine.